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How Apache Parquet, ORC, and Arrow lay out columnar data, and why they coexist instead of converging on one format.

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How columnar storage works

Al Brown • Last updated: Jun 1, 2026

A mechanism-level look at how columnar storage works on disk (per-column blocks, zone maps, and predicate pushdown), with ClickHouse MergeTree and Apache Parquet internals side by side.

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How pg_clickhouse, pg_duckdb, pg_lake, TimescaleDB, Citus columnar and AlloyDB speed up analytics on Postgres, where each one runs its compute, and which to choose.

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